Background: Keeping in view the endemicity of tuberculosis in Jammu and Kashmir and the lack of information about the prevalence of Female Genital TB, this study was primarily undertaken to diagnose the genital tuberculosis in infertile women and to determine the utility of the existing standard diagnostic tests in our hospital. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 year. A total of 500 women attended Gynaecology OPD to evaluate the incidence of genital tuberculosis using CBNAAT (Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test) and culture to diagnose female genital tuberculosis. Results: Majority of the respondents (82. 35%) were having primary infertility. Majority of the respondents (91. 20%) were negative for genital tuberculosis and followed by positive patients for genital tuberculosis (8. 80%). the sensitivity and specificity for CBNAAT (Catridge Nucleic Acid Amplification) samples 82. 40% and 100% respectively while as, the sensitivity and specificity for microscopic culture (Ziehl Neelsen) were 37. 84% and 98. 20% respectively. Conclusion: FGTB is a prevalent condition, particularly among infertile women. Early detection and treatment can lead to successful pregnancies. Individualization, counselling, and a multidisciplinary approach will produce greater results in the advanced stages. ART should only be provided to a select few patients after establishing that the disease is dormant, as hormonal treatment of ART can result in disease reactivation, which is highly counterproductive.

Genital tract tuberculosis is an important cause of infertility in developing countries where hysterosalpingography (HSG) remains the initial diagnostic procedure in the assessment of tubal and peritoneal factors leading infertility.The primary focus of genital tuberculosis is the fallopian tubes, and affecting of endometrium is secondary to down passage of bacteria into the uterine cavity. Tuberculosis gives rise to varied appearances on hysterosalpingography (HSG). These features vary from non-specific changes such as hydrosalpinx, evidence of endometritis, intrauterine adhesions, septations, an asymmetric uterine cavity, and other evidence of reduction in the uterine luminal volume to specific appearances such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobblestone tube", "leopard skin tube", "collar-stud abscess", " the tuberculosis T-shaped" uterus, and the "pseudounicornuate" uterus. All of these features can be depicted on hysterosalpingography (HSG), which is the gold standard in the investigation of female genital tract tuberculosis.

A 75-year–old patient was referred with vaginal bleeding. Her physical exam showed two flat dark plaques on the posterior fourchette, mostly on left lateral side of the vulva. A black soft mucosal nodule was present on the left lateral side of upper vagina, and a polypoid ulcerative cervical lesion extended into the right parametrium. Cervical and vaginal biopsies were in favor of malignant melanoma, while vulvar biopsy was in favor of lentigo maligna melanoma. The diagnosis was confirmed using immunohistochemical studies with S100 and HMB 45. The patient was treated by wide local excision of the vulvar lesion followed by high-doses of fractionation radiotherapy of the cervix and upper vagina. Due to advanced and aggressive melanoma of the cervix, in comparison to the len-tigo maligna of the vulva, and the presence of vaginal melanomas on the opposite site of the cervical lesion, it is suggested that the origin of these two lesions are multi focal rather than the direct extension.

Introduction: Social tradition may originate from religion or nonreligious root. From long ago, there was female genital mutilation as a social behavior among some ethnic groups. Some people believe that female genital mutilation is a religious obligatory. To understand the accuracy of this assertion, people must know the commands and doctrines divine religions. This study was performed with aim to investigates the views of the heavenly religions of Islam, Christianity and Judaism about female genital mutilation.Methods: Collecting data in this review article was library resources, scientific journals, WHO and UNICEF, databases of Science direct, PubMed, Magiran, Cochran library, Google Scholar, Iran Medex and SID. Time interval for searching references was 2002 to 2016. Information were collected by using the keywords of Female Genital Mutilation, Female Genital Circumcision and Female Genital Cutting along with the keywords of doctrine, Sunni, Shia, Jewish, Christian, Islam and Religion. Data were analyzed qualitatively.Results: From 68 searched articles, 28 articles which met inclusion criteria and were related to the purpose of the study were reviewed. The results showed that although nowadays female genital mutilation is performing by Muslims, Christians and Jews, but Koran, Bible or Torah has not recommended it and don't know it as a mutilation obligatory for girls. Only, Shafei know it necessary to remove the skin of clitoris.Conclusion: In societies where female genital mutilation is done, cultural tradition is dominant on religious convictions; although the advocates for justifying their actions claim that the reason is religious orders.

Background: Considering the outbreak of different types of tuberculosis including genital tract tuberculosis in developing countries, and due to the differences in the symptoms of this disease, this study has been carried out in Imam Khomeini Hospital (affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Tehran, Iran, for the last 20 years. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted with fifty-two patients with the definite pathological diagnosis of genital tract tuberculosis. In this study the clinical symptoms, marital status, organ involvement, hysterosalpingography (HSG), chest X-ray, and age were variables that were all taken into consideration. Results: The highest incidence of the disease was between the ages of 26 and 30, but the ages of the patients ranged from 17 to 80 years. The mean age was 31 years. One unmarried 17-year-old patient (2%) had no sexual activity. The other 51 patients (98%) were married. Twenty-seven (52%) patients had infertility problems for a period of between 1 and 25 years, twenty-three cases (85%) of the primary, and 4 (15%) of secondary type. In thirteen patients HSG was conducted of whom 2 cases were normal and in the remainder the fallopian tubes had been occluded. Chest X-rays in two patients showed primary pulmonary tuberculosis. The second and third symptoms of genital tract tuberculosis were abdominal pain and pelvic mass (38%), and abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) (29%), respectively. The pathological studies indicated that the area affected in most cases was endometrium (59%). Tuberculous salpingitis counted as the second cause of pathology in these patients (34%). Conclusion: Tuberculosis of the genital tract is more common in patients between the ages of 26 to 30 years. The most affected area is the endometrium. Infertility is the most common clinical symptom of pelvic tuberculosis even if the fallopian tubes are not obstructed. Tuberculosis should be considered in differential diagnosis of causes of infertility, pelvic mass, and AUB, particularly in areas where tuberculosis is common.